The thesis uses local chronicles as the basic document and uses quantitative analysis methods to study the history of disasters in Guangdong and Guangxi during the Republic of China. According to research, the floods and droughts are the most common, while wind disasters, pests and earthquakes are also more frequent, while animal disasters, hail disasters, snow disasters and frost disasters are relatively rare.The trend of disasters gradually increased, with six periods of severe disasters, especially the two periods of severe disasters in the 1940s. There are obvious regional differences in the spatial distribution of disasters, floods and wind disasters are common along rivers and coastal areas, droughts and pests are more frequent in inland areas, animal disasters are concentrated in remote mountain areas, and other disasters are scattered around. Due to the difference of spatial and temporal distribution of natural disasters in Guangdong and Guangxi, the destructiveness of various natural disasters is also different. Flood and drought are the most destructive, followed by wind disasters, pests, and again for the earthquake, animal disasters and other disasters. At the same time, the natural disasters in Guangdong and Guangxi are different. Guangdong is more serious than Guangxi in flood, wind disasters, pest and earthquake, but less serious than Guangxi in drought and animal disaster. To sum up, the natural disasters in Guangdong and Guangxi were frequent and serious, and the overall disaster situation was not optimistic.

The spatial distribution and allocation of higher education resources are directly related to the region's innovation ability and competitiveness. As China's most dynamic economic region, rational layout of higher education resources of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is crucial to support its advancement into a world-class bay area. Based on the perspective of geographic space, this study summarizes the shortcomings of domestic and foreign research, follows the path of "resource pattern distribution and influencing mechanism", and uses the GINI coefficient and geographic detector analysis method to analyze the spatial distribution balance and influencing factors of higher education resources in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. The research shows: (1) The spatial distribution of higher education resources in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is obviously unbalanced, among which Guangzhou and Shenzhen are obviously unbalanced relative to population and economic distribution. (2) The spatial distribution of higher education resources in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is highly correlated with factors such as the number of urban primary and secondary school students, urban per capita GDP, urban population and urban education expenditure. In particular, it is greatly affected by the number of primary and secondary school students, indicating that higher education is greatly affected by basic education. (3) In the interactive factor detection, the number of urban primary and secondary school students combined with other factors will achieve a large nonlinear enhancement effect. It is expected that the spatial structure of educational resources in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area will form a geographical spatial circle structure with four core cities of Hong Kong, Macao, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and other cities such as Zhuhai, Dongguan and Foshan as the periphery in the future, radiating and driving the development of surrounding areas. The research helps to understand the specific gaps in the balance of the spatial structure of higher education resources in the Greater Bay Area, which is beneficial to the rational allocation of higher education resources and the rational tilt of policies.

"Scholars" provide a core perspective to study academic history. Through scholars' lineage relationships, we can describe the formation of disciplines, the evolution of academic schools, the inheritance of academic thoughts, and even the internal factional disputes within the discipline. However, discussions on intellectual lineage relationships and their impacts have been overlooked in the study of the history of geographical thought. This paper takes the lineage relationships of prominent human geography scholars in the Chinese Republican era as an example. Based on the lineage relationships of representative scholars, it analyzes the formation and development of modern Chinese human geography as a discipline, explores the influence of lineage networks on the formation and inheritance of academic schools and the integration of Western and Chinese geographical thoughts, and discusses the political issues within the discipline triggered by lineage relationships. Finally, this paper systematically discusses the inspiration of the perspective of lineage relationships on the study of the history of geographical thought.

The classification and naming of of the Hongshanwan landform in the Zhangye UNESCO Global Geopark have long been contentious. Through research and comparison, it is found that there are significant differences in geomorphic forces, landform morphology, material composition, landform development, and evolutionary processes compared to the Danxia landforms. Following the principles of rock landform classification and naming, it is currently appropriate to refer to them as the Hongshanwan landforms. As a subcategory of red bed landforms, they should be listed alongside the Danxia landforms. This article proposes the definition of Hongshanwan landforms as follows: they are characterized by internal forces of structural tilting, with surface sheet flow as the main external force, and are formed by the combined action of external forces such as weathering, erosion, and gravity, resulting in gentle slopes with colorful rhythmic sedimentary features typical of red bed landforms. These landforms are mainly composed of red Cretaceous terrestrial mudstones and sandstones with interbedded grayish-blue and grayish-green colors. The main internal and external forces shaping the landforms are structural tilting and surface sheet flow, respectively. The landform morphology is characterized by gentle undulations, colorful rhythmic sedimentary features, and the development of micro-landforms such as mud stalactites, mud waterfalls, and small earth pyramids. Depending on the combination of stratum dip and slope morphology, the landscape types of Hongshanwan landform can be categorized into over ten types, including horizontal color stripe type, inclined color stripe type, vertical color stripe type, rainbow type, inverted rainbow type, wave type, scallop type, pleated skirt type, and composite type. Hongshanwan landforms are mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in the central areas of red beds basins closely related to mountainous regions, including Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Lanzhou basins in front of the Qilian Mountains, the Junggar Basin at the southern foot of the Altai Mountains in Xinjiang, and the Andes Mountains in South America.

Exploring the underlying laws behind road illegal incidents can reduce dangerous driving behaviors at the source and maintain social harmony and stability. It can also help the development of urban traffic with high efficiency and high quality, and improve the level of refined traffic governance. Therefore, the analysis of influencing factors of traffic violations in cities is an important prerequisite of accurate analysis of the laws of traffic violations. In this study. The authors took traffic violation data of Guangzhou in October 2015 as an example, and the association rule mining(ARM) of traffic violations and various influencing factors was carried out. Based on the FP-Growth algorithm, this paper excavates the relationship between the types of illegal activities, the time of occurrence, the spatial location and the information of the vehicles in the traffic violation data. It is found that large vehicles of local city are more likely to have no environmental protection signs and illegal use of lanes. Cars from other cities are more likely to overspeed; morning and evening peaks on working days are strongly related to violations of prohibition signs, while traffic violations on highways are more likely to occur on weekends. By introducing POI data and spatial location information, this article can more accurately identify high-incidence traffic violations near specific road sections or public facilities, and provide support for fixed-point traffic governance.

Both geographical proximity and technological relatedness (or knowledge variety) are critical for regional industrial innovation. However, the existing economic geography literature rarely examine the effects of proximity and relatedness together, as most studies focus on technological relatedness within the same region or the proximity of the same types of knowledge. This article constructs a multi-scalar framework to integrate the effects of spatial spillover, variety in local knowledge base and technological relatedness of external knowledge linkages on innovation performance. The different types of variety variables for local and external knowledge are measured by entropy indicators using the patent data issued by the National Intellectual Property Administration of China (CNIPA). Spatial Panel Durbin Model is used to empirically investigate how relatedness of local knowledge bases and external linkages affect electronic information industrial innovation in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The main findings of this study are as follows. (1) Both related and unrelated variety of local knowledge base significantly promote electronic information industrial innovation in the Yangtze River Delta. This finding offers support for Jacobs's externalities theory from the perspective of geographical proximity. The innovation effect of related variety is stronger than unrelated variety, which indicates that an appropriate cognitive distance can improve the effect of local knowledge on industrial innovation. (2) The higher the similarity between the technological composition of the local knowledge and that of the collaborated regions, the higher the impact on the electronic information industrial innovation. The relatedness variable accounting for related variety in cross-regional technology collaboration weighted by the local knowledge base does not significantly correlate with industrial innovation. Thus, it seems that the external knowledge spillover for innovation mainly occurs among regions with similar knowledge bases rather than diversified technological composition. (3) The electronic information industrial innovation in the Yangtze River Delta shows significant spatial agglomeration. Driven by regional economic integration mechanism, local industrial innovation has a positive and significant spatial spillover effect on surrounding cities.

Under the background of Chinese culture goes global, the study of Guangdong Province, one of the important economic regions in China, has become one of the most important contents for the construction of Guangdong's overseas image and Sino-Japanese cultural mutual understanding by Japanese academics. In this paper, we take the research topics on Guangdong included in the Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(KAKEN) as the data source, and use CiteSpace to visualize and analyze the academic groups, research institutes, and core contents, in order to present the focuses and trends of the research on Guangdong Province in the Japanese academia. The results show that the research on Guangdong Province in Japanese academia involves a large number of research groups and research institutions, and the research hotspots show the characteristics of "economy-country-region" over time, mainly focusing on the Chinese diaspora in the East Asian region, the culture of Chinese clans, and the industrial economy of Guangdong, focusing on regional countries, economic development, and the development of Guangdong. The research focuses on the three core clusters of regional countries, economic development and language and culture. By systematically organizing and evaluating the academic achievements of Guangdong studies in the Japanese academic community, we can provide a "knowledge map of Guangdong studies in the Japanese academic community" with certain reference value for future research and policy making on the dissemination of Guangdong's culture overseas and image writing.

Taking the geography teacher education major of a local university in Shaanxi as an example, this paper addresses the common issues in the talent training of normal education and proposes to reshape "educational belief" and establish a lifelong teaching conviction; to implement "student-centeredness" and create a local educational paradigm; to enhance "teacher education flavor" and establish a high-quality educational ecosystem. Through evidence-based practice, the article proposes to take the reshaping of educational belief as the core task, to strengthen educational ideals and beliefs, and to use the three-dimensional educational goals of "ideological and political guidance + subject foundation + teacher education enhancement" as the guideline. By reconstructing teaching content that directly hits the indicators of teacher graduate requirements and innovating teaching forms with a demonstrative effect, the paper advocates for a dual-engine approach. It also suggests leveraging a community-based learning approach among teachers and students to create an atmosphere conducive to teacher education and a favorable ecosystem for the growth of teacher education students. This approach aims to create a "one core, two wings, three dimensions" model for talent training in local universities, thereby enhancing the service consciousness of local teacher education and improving the quality of talent training and its alignment with the job market.

Service industries is the leading industry of Hainan's economic development. This article centers on the development strategy of Hainan Province since the establishment of the province, based on the panel data of 18 cities and counties in Hainan from 1988 to 2021, using Arcgis10.8 and SPSS22.0 software, through the improvement of the entropy value method, exploratory spatial data analysis and other methods to study the level of development of the service industry, spatial variability and correlation among the cities and counties in Hainan Province in different development periods. The study shows that: (1) in general, the level of service industry development in Hainan shows a trend of growth, and the gap in the level of service industry development between cities and counties is gradually decreasing; (2) there is obvious spatial heterogeneity in the change of the level of development of the service industry in Hainan Province, in which Haikou in the northeast and Sanya in the south have the highest level of development of the service industry, followed by the northwestern and eastern parts of the country. (3) The development status of fixed asset investment, tourism development and import and export trade has a greater impact on the development of Hainan's service industry.

The establishment of the National Social Science Fund (National Social Science Fund) project is not only an important symbol of the scientific research strength and organizational ability of each region, but also reflects the development trend and hot direction of the discipline field. Existing bibliometrics studies focus more on bibliometrics analysis, and less on the perspective of national social science projects. Using the National Social Science Foundation project database as the data source, this paper collected and analyzed the projects whose provinces, regions, and cities were in Guangdong Province from 1994-2021 for statistical analysis, and used methods such as bibliometrics and knowledge map to describe the knowledge picture of social science research in Guangdong Province reflected in the national social science project in Guangdong Province. The results showed as follows: (1) During the study period, a total of 4 794 national social science projects were established in Guangdong Province, ranking fourth among all provinces, regions, and municipalities (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), with an average annual growth rate of 15.7%. Among them, there were 3 211 general projects, youth projects and later funded projects, and 444 major projects and key projects, all of which were higher than the national average. (2) The project disciplines mainly focus on the applied economy, Chinese literature, linguistics, and sociology, with keywords such as "carbon emission", "leisure agriculture", "tropical climate", "rural tourism" and "rural revitalization" as the research themes. The research results are mainly monographs, papers, reports, and these combined, large-scale surveys, computer software, and reference books are lacking. (3) The project approval units are mainly institutions of higher learning, among which, Sun Yat-sen University, Jinan University, and South China Normal University have a large number of projects, while Guangzhou University and Guangdong University of Foreign Studies have made significant progress in recent years. (4) The number of projects initiated by the core hosts reached 57%, but the number only accounted for one-tenth of the total number of project leaders. The discipline of the core host is sociology. Overall, the number of national social science projects in Guangdong Province has increased steadily, and the projects are mainly concentrated in a few key universities, superior disciplines and core hosts. In the future, based on maintaining superior disciplines, Guangdong Province should focus on expanding non-superior disciplines, cultivating competitive scientific research institutions, building scientific and reasonable research echelons including senior, middle-aged, and young scientists, forming a situation that includes a wide variety of subject area, and further strengthening the strength of social science research in Guangdong Province.

Regional economic resilience is the key to explaining the regional economic system's economic stability, transformation, and recovery in the uncertain shock environments. The paper takes the complex system of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration as the research object and measures regional economic resilience in the face of different attribute shocks in 2007-2022 by constructing the resistance and recoverability index. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the influencing factors of regional economic resilience was explored with the help of geographically and temporally weighted autoregressive model. The results show that: (1) The economic resilience characteristics of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration in response to different attribute shocks vary greatly, the economic resilience ability to cope with the financial crisis is lower, and the urban agglomeration is more vulnerable to such shocks, while the ability to resist pandemic shock is higher; (2) Under the financial crisis, the number of low-resistance cities in Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration has increased and showing the characteristics of continuous distribution in space. The ability of regional economic system to update or breakthrough the path of development is poor. Under the pandemic shock, the resistance of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration shows regional differences. Jinan and Qingdao and their surrounding areas show the characteristics of high resistance concentration distribution, and the eastern coastal areas respond better to the shock; (3) The roles of structural and agency-based factors have spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and the effects are obviously different under different attribute shocks. Especially under the pandemic shock, the role of agency-based factors is more important. Even in different stages of the same shock situation, the effects of factors are significantly different.

This paper presents the design and development of a virtual simulation experiment system tailored to the educational needs concerning the formation and vegetation management of wind-sand landforms in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (referred to as Yar River) valley. The system adheres to the principles of comprehensiveness and inquiry-based learning in geography, as well as the interactivity and enjoyment of experiments, aiming to enhance students' theoretical knowledge, field practice skills, innovative thinking, and environmental awareness. By employing virtual simulation technology to create an immersive learning environment, students can safely and controllably simulate wind-sand landform surveys and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing data collection. They can also integrate surface albedo, soil moisture, and vegetation indices to construct remote sensing inversion models and estimate surface sandification levels. Building on this, the system introduces the simulation of wind-sand landform management strategies through vegetation spatial configuration. The curriculum design integrates multidisciplinary knowledge from geography, ecology, and remote sensing technology, which is conducive to fostering the cultivation of students' comprehensive thinking abilities. This experiment constructs a teaching model that combines field data-driven and immersive virtual simulation technology for the sandification and management issues of plateau river valleys, providing rich learning resources and an autonomous learning evaluation system. It encourages students' independent inquiry and innovative attempts. With technological advancements, the virtual simulation experiment system is expected to promote the development of geography teaching towards a more efficient and open direction and contribute to the construction of online and offline integrated geography internship course application models.

In order to stimulate and cultivate students' interest in geography and mobilize the internal driving force of students ' learning, this paper constructs the influencing factors of high school students' interest in geography learning, and uses the analytic hierarchy process to quantify the driving factors of high school students' interest in geography learning. The research shows that among the first-level indicators, the weight value of the emotional index is 0.723 5, which is much higher than the other two indicators of input and willingness, which indicates that the emotional index has the most prominent driving effect on the interest of high school students in geography learning. And the three second-level indicators of wonderful geographical landscape indicator, geographical importance indicator and knowledge usefulness indicator under the emotional indicators have a significantly higher driving effect on students' interest in geography learning than other second-level indicators. In addition, it is worth noting that the three second-level indicators of serious thinking indicator and classroom concentration indicator under the input indicators and the future learning indicator under the willingness indicators also have a certain driving effect. Therefore, teachers can give full play to the unique charm of geography in teaching, choose materials close to the actual life of students, create teaching situations with geographical characteristics, and design the problem chains that conform to students' learning situation and logical progression. This will help teachers to create a vibrant geography classroom and improve students' interest in geography learning imperceptibly.

Structuring course content and systematize teaching objectives are a basic and basic research problem of human geography teaching in senior high school. Based on the regional system of human-land relationship, the regional perspective and human-land relationship should be the cutting point of the content structure of human geography and the objective system analysis of high school. When sorting out the content structure of human geography in high school, spatial distribution, spatial process and spatial connection can be the core themes, and the formation mechanism of the regional system can be used to establish the connection of core themes, and integrate the content of human geography curriculum in high school. When analyzing the teaching goal system of human geography in senior high school, attention should be paid attention to guiding students to understand the spatial distribution, spatial process and spatial connection of human activities as a whole, so as to "road sign" to build a "road map" of student development that runs through the core literacy training goals, module course goals and specific class hour goals. The structured curriculum content and systematic teaching objectives based on the regional system of human and land relations are helpful to make the high school human geography teaching "overall" and "orderly", and promote the common development of teachers and students.

The undergraduate major "Human Geography and Urban-Rural Planning" places particular emphasis on the equal importance of the theoretical perspective of geography and planning practice abilities. However, due to various constraints, this major faces several shortcomings in cultivating the planning practice abilities of students. Targeting at these issues, Beijing Normal University (BNU) established a urban-rural planning practice base together with Huzhou City's Institute of Urban Planning Design and Research in 2017. Through continuous exploration over 7 years, the base has gradually established an "Industry-University-Research" model for the planning practice course that can meet the major's requirement for talent cultivation. Combining with teaching practice, this study introduces in detail the design idea of the course and its evolution, and summarizes its innovation and special features. In particular, it discusses the effectiveness of teaching designs including "three-into-one" topic selection, "authentic planning and assessment" and "dual mentors" in enhancing the planning abilities and related skills of students. Meanwhile, based on students' feedback, this study employs text analysis to further reveal the effectiveness of the course, indicating that it shows considerable effects in promoting the integrated application of knowledge, understanding the complexity of urban-rural planning, and enhancing planning and design capabilities. In addition, the course is also effective in strengthening students' identification with the major and ideological and political education.